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This month, the main opposition party, Congress, vowed to reserve a third of federal government jobs for women if elected.Indian women, especially those working in precarious informal sectors, are at the sharp end of what economists and opposition politicians describe as a jobs crisis in India. She said she usually struggles to find work due to the spread of machines.3 per cent in 2017-2018, down about 8 percentage points from 2011-2012.“I will vote for the leader who will help us out with proper work and income,” she added.”Her dismay was echoed on the other side of Hook and Loop Manufacturers the country, in a village near Kolkata, where Nuren Nesa’s earnings from embroidering saris fell from 700 rupees a week to 300 after demonetisation.In Dharavi, a Mumbai slum that is one of Asia’s largest, 33 year-old Farzana Begum has struggled to provide for her five children since the workshop she stitched buttons for shut shop in the wake of GST.But the official report, leaked to local newspaper Business Standard in February, shows the female labour participation rate was merely 23.“Modi’s note ban and GST measures have destroyed our source of income,” said Nesa, 41, who withdrew her son from university because tuition fees grew out of reach.”In any case, it is a moot point for now.As the battle for women’s votes heats up, Modi has pointed to programmes to provide toilets and subsidised cooking gas cylinders as evidence his administration cares for women.Indian women sometimes do not take jobs far from home due to fears for their safety.Chhaya Kharade, 36, and other women doing lighter farm work were gradually replaced by the machines that now crisscross wheat, sugar cane and onion fields surrounding Chincholi, a village 190 km (120 miles) east of India’s financial hub of Mumbai.“The social costs, while less tangible, are nevertheless acute,” Vaishnav added, noting research suggests women’s economic empowerment reduces inequality and ensures women have a greater voice in society.

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