A telescope is an optical instrument that uses concave and convex lenses to observe distant objects. The light passing through the lens is refracted or the light is reflected by the concave mirror to make it enter the small hole and converge to image, and then pass through a magnifying eyepiece to be seen. Also known as “telescope”. The first function of the telescope is to magnify the opening angle of distant objects, so that the human eye can see details with a smaller angular distance. The second function of the telescope is to send the light beam much larger than the pupil diameter collected by the objective lens into the human eye, so that the observer can see the faint objects that were previously invisible. In 1608, the Dutchman Hans Liebesch invented the first telescope. In 1609, Galileo Galilei, a Florentine, Italy, invented the 40-fold binocular telescope, which was the first practical telescope to be put into scientific application.
In daily life, an optical telescope is usually a cylindrical optical instrument that focuses light directly through the refraction of a lens or the reflection of a concave mirror, or observes through a magnifying eyepiece. The optical telescope in daily life is also called “telescope”. It mainly includes amateur astronomical telescopes, theater telescopes and military binoculars.
In daily life, telescopes mainly refer to optical telescopes. In modern astronomy, telescopes include radio telescopes, infrared telescopes, X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes. In recent years, the concept of astronomical telescopes has been further extended to the fields of gravitational waves, cosmic rays and dark matter.
One day in the early 17th century, Hans Lippershey, the owner of an optical shop in a small Dutch town, arranged a convex lens and a concave lens in a line in order to check the quality of the polished lens. The spire of the church seemed to be getting bigger and closer, so I accidentally discovered the secret of the telescope. In 1608, he applied for a patent for the telescope he made, and in compliance with the requirements of the authorities, he built a binoculars. It is said that dozens of opticians in the town claimed to have invented the telescope, but it is generally believed that Liebexi was the inventor of the telescope.
The news of the invention of the telescope spread quickly across European countries. After the Italian scientist Galileo learned of the news, he made one of his own. The first telescope can only magnify objects 3 times. One month later, the second telescope he made could magnify 8 times, and the third telescope could magnify 20 times. In October 1609, he made a telescope capable of magnifying 30 times. Galileo used a self-made telescope to observe the night sky and discovered for the first time the uneven surface of the moon, covered with mountains and cracks in the crater. Later, four satellites of Jupiter and the sun’s sunspot movement were discovered, and the conclusion that the sun was rotating was made.
Binoculars binoculars
Almost at the same time, the German astronomer Kepler also began to study telescopes. He proposed another astronomical telescope in Refractive Optics. This telescope consists of two convex lenses. Unlike Galileo’s telescope, it has a wider field of view. But Kepler did not make the telescope he introduced. Scheiner made this telescope for the first time between 1613 and 1617. He also made a telescope with a third convex lens according to Kepler’s suggestion, turning the inverted image of the telescope made of two convex lenses into a positive image. . Scheiner made 8 telescopes, one by one to observe the sun, no matter which one can see the sunspots of the same shape. Therefore, he dispelled the illusion that many people thought that the sunspots might be caused by the dust on the lens, and proved that the sunspots are indeed the observed real existence. While observing the sun, Scheina installed special light-shielding glass, but Galileo did not add this protective device. As a result, he hurt his eyes and almost lost his sight. In order to reduce the chromatic aberration of the refracting telescope, Huygens in the Netherlands built a telescope with a tube length of nearly 6 meters in 1665 to explore the halo of Saturn, and later built a telescope with a length of nearly 41 meters.
refractor